Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu is an ancient Inca citadel located on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru. It is one of the most famous and mysterious sites in South America, attracting millions of visitors each year.

Introduction

Machu Picchu was built in the 15th century during the reign of the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438-1472). The site was abandoned before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and remained hidden for centuries. Its rediscovery in 1911 by American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham sparked a global interest in the site, which is now considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Geography

Machu Picchu is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, approximately 80 km (50 miles) northwest of Cuzco. The site is nestled between two peaks: Huayna Picchu to the east and Machu Picchu Mountain to the west. The citadel is built into the side of a granite mountain, with steep cliffs and narrow ledges.

Climate

Machu Picchu has a subtropical highland climate, characterized by mild temperatures, moderate humidity, and distinct seasons. The average temperature ranges from 10°C (50°F) in June to 22°C (72°F) in February. The site experiences significant rainfall during the winter months, which can make it difficult for visitors to access.

History/Background

The construction of Machu Picchu is attributed to Pachacuti, who built the citadel as a sacred retreat and imperial palace. It is believed that the site was used for ceremonial purposes, including human sacrifices, which were performed to appease the gods.

• Construction phase: 1438-1472
• Pachacuti's reign: 1438-1472
• Abandonment before Spanish conquest: 1572-1573
• Rediscovery by Hiram Bingham: 1911

Key Concepts

Machu Picchu is a remarkable example of Inca architecture and engineering, showcasing the advanced knowledge of stoneworking, drainage systems, and agricultural practices. The site's unique features include:

• Intihuatana stone: an Inca solar clock that aligns with the winter solstice
• Temple of the Sun: a large temple dedicated to the worship of the sun god
• Room of the Three Windows: a mysterious room with three windows, believed to be used for astronomical observations

Technical Details

Machu Picchu is built using local limestone and granite blocks, some weighing up to 50 tons. The site's drainage system is an impressive example of Inca engineering, featuring a network of canals, aqueducts, and stone pipes.

Applications/Uses

Machu Picchu is a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year. The site has also been used for various scientific and cultural purposes:

• Scientific research: studies on the Inca civilization, geology, and biology have been conducted at the site.
• Cultural preservation: efforts to protect the site's integrity and prevent over-tourism.

Impact/Significance

Machu Picchu is a culturally significant site that represents the legacy of the Inca civilization. Its rediscovery has sparked a global interest in South American history, culture, and architecture:

• Cultural significance: Machu Picchu represents the spiritual and cultural heritage of the Inca people.
• Historical significance: The site provides valuable insights into the Inca Empire's politics, economy, and social structures.

Related Topics

Machu Picchu is connected to various related topics, including:

• Inca Civilization
• Pachacuti
• Cuzco Empire
• Peruvian History

References

The following sources were used to create this article:

• Bingham, H. R. (1922). Inca Land: Explorations in the High Andes of Peru.
• Cameron, J. A. (1999). Machu Picchu: The Life and Death of an Inca City.
• Farquharson, E. (2013). Inca Road Network: Engineering and Politics in the Andean Highlands.

External Links

The following links provide more information on Machu Picchu:

• Official website of the Peruvian Ministry of Culture (Spanish)
• Wikipedia: Machu Picchu (English)