Introduction
e28 is the chassis code assigned by Mercedes‑Benz to the second generation of the E‑Class luxury sedan, known internally as the W124 platform. The designation appeared in the early 1980s, when Mercedes‑Benz transitioned from the first generation (W123, chassis code e15) to a new, more advanced architecture that would define the brand’s executive segment for the next decade. The e28 chassis remained in production until 1995 in the United States and 1998 in Europe, covering a range of body styles, engine families, and trim levels. Its influence extended beyond the E‑Class, as many of its engineering concepts were later incorporated into other Mercedes‑Benz models and became benchmarks for safety and reliability.
History and Background
Development
The concept of the W124 platform was initiated in the late 1970s under the guidance of Mercedes‑Benz’s Engineering Department, led by chief engineer Walter Kranich. The project aimed to replace the aging W123 lineup with a vehicle that combined improved aerodynamic efficiency, enhanced safety, and a modern interior layout. Initial design studies focused on a longer wheelbase, increased cabin space, and a more robust yet lightweight construction. Engineers adopted aluminum for the hood and front fenders, reducing overall weight without compromising structural integrity.
During the development phase, a series of prototypes were tested on various road conditions, including high‑speed stability trials, off‑road capability tests, and endurance runs in extreme climates. Feedback from these trials led to several modifications, such as the integration of a rear‑engine mount system that lowered the center of gravity and improved handling characteristics. The result was a chassis that could accommodate a range of powertrains while maintaining consistent ride quality.
Production and Markets
Production of the e28 chassis began in 1984 at the Mercedes‑Benz plant in Sindelfingen, Germany. The initial lineup consisted of a sedan and a wagon variant, both available with front‑wheel or four‑wheel drive configurations. In the United States, the model was introduced in 1985 under the 300E designation, emphasizing the 3.0‑liter inline‑six engine that became synonymous with the E‑Class’s performance. European markets received a broader range of engine options, including the 2.8‑liter inline‑six and the 4.0‑liter V‑8, reflecting regional preferences for power output and fuel economy.
The e28 platform continued production until 1995 in North America and 1998 in Europe. During this period, it served as the backbone for several special editions, including the 500E and the 500E “R” model, which featured the M119 V‑8 engine with twin‑turbos. These variants demonstrated the platform’s flexibility and paved the way for future high‑performance derivatives.
Design and Engineering
Chassis and Body
The e28 chassis introduced a modular design that allowed for variations in wheelbase, track width, and body style while retaining a consistent structural framework. The body panels were primarily constructed from high‑strength steel, with critical areas reinforced by aluminum and glass‑fiber composites. This combination produced a strong yet lightweight platform, contributing to improved fuel efficiency and handling dynamics.
A notable feature of the e28’s body design was the adoption of a fully independent suspension on all four wheels. The front utilized a MacPherson strut with a steering knuckle, while the rear employed a multi-link setup with a trailing arm and a stabilizer bar. This arrangement reduced body roll and improved ride comfort, particularly on uneven road surfaces.
Powertrain
The e28 chassis supported a variety of engine families, primarily the M110, M111, and M119. The M110 was a naturally aspirated inline‑six engine, initially available in 2.8‑liter and 3.0‑liter configurations. The M111 introduced a 4.0‑liter V‑8 with a single overhead camshaft, providing higher torque for performance models. The most advanced engine, the M119, was a 4.0‑liter V‑8 featuring twin turbochargers, producing up to 350 horsepower in the 500E “R” model.
All engines were paired with a range of manual and automatic transmissions. The 5‑speed manual was standard for lower‑output models, while the 4‑speed automatic with overdrive became common for higher‑performance variants. Later production years saw the introduction of the 5‑speed automatic, offering smoother gear changes and improved fuel economy.
Interior and Ergonomics
The interior of the e28 represented a significant leap forward in ergonomics and comfort. Designers incorporated a “center console” layout that placed the gear selector and central controls within easy reach of the driver, reducing physical strain during long drives. Seating material options ranged from premium leather to durable fabric, with adjustable lumbar support and multi‑zone climate control.
Instrument clusters were redesigned to feature a clear, monochrome digital display with a single tachometer, fuel gauge, and temperature readout. This minimalistic approach reduced visual clutter and enhanced driver focus. The e28 also introduced a dual‑zone climate system in higher trim levels, allowing independent temperature control for the front and rear passengers.
Safety
Safety was a paramount consideration in the e28’s development. The platform incorporated reinforced passenger cell structures, energy‑absorbing crumple zones, and a reinforced chassis to mitigate impact forces. Side‑impact protection was achieved through the use of side airbags and reinforced door pillars.
Early models featured a passive safety system that included a collapsible steering column, a front passenger seat belt with pretensioners, and optional active safety features such as ABS and traction control in later production years. The e28 was the first Mercedes‑Benz platform to standardize a driver and passenger airbag system, setting a new safety benchmark for the luxury segment.
Models and Variants
Engine Families
- M110: Naturally aspirated inline‑six, 2.8‑liter (120 hp) and 3.0‑liter (155 hp)
- M111: Naturally aspirated V‑8, 4.0‑liter (205 hp)
- M119: Turbocharged V‑8, 4.0‑liter, 250–350 hp depending on model
Transmission and Drivetrain
- 5‑speed manual transmission (standard on lower‑output models)
- 4‑speed automatic with overdrive (standard on higher‑output models)
- 5‑speed automatic (introduced in late 1990s)
- 4Matic all‑wheel drive (available on certain high‑performance and luxury models)
Model Lineup
The e28 platform supported a variety of trim levels and special editions, each tailored to specific market demands:
- 280E / 280SE: Base sedan with 2.8‑liter M110 engine, manual transmission, 4‑passenger seating.
- 300E / 300SE: Mid‑range sedan with 3.0‑liter M110 engine, automatic transmission, optional 4Matic.
- 420E / 420SE: Luxury sedan featuring 4.0‑liter M111 V‑8, leather upholstery, advanced climate control.
- 500E / 500SE: High‑performance sedan equipped with 4.0‑liter M119 turbo V‑8, sport suspension, dual‑exhaust system.
- 500E “R”: Special edition with upgraded braking system, power‑steering, and exclusive interior trim.
- Wagon Variants: Known as the 300W and 420W, these models offered increased cargo space while maintaining similar powertrain options.
Reception and Legacy
Critical Reception
Automotive critics praised the e28 for its blend of performance, comfort, and safety. Reviewers highlighted the vehicle’s precise handling, spacious interior, and the reliability of its powertrains. In 1987, the e28 earned the title of “Best Executive Car” in a major European automotive publication, underscoring its status as a benchmark in its class.
Reliability and Longevity
The e28’s mechanical components were celebrated for durability, especially the M110 engine family. Owners reported average repair costs below industry averages, and many vehicles continued to run reliably into the 2000s with proper maintenance. The platform’s modular design facilitated straightforward component replacement, further enhancing its reputation for long-term dependability.
Awards and Accolades
In addition to industry recognition, the e28 received several safety awards during its production run. It was named the safest midsize car in North America in 1992, largely due to its pioneering airbag system and structural integrity. The model also won the “Car of the Year” award in multiple markets, including the United Kingdom and Japan.
Technological Innovations
Early Airbag System
The e28 was the first Mercedes‑Benz model to standardize a dual‑airbag system for both driver and passenger. The airbags were integrated into the steering column and seat belt system, deploying within milliseconds of a frontal collision. This innovation significantly reduced occupant injury rates and set a new industry standard.
4Matic All‑Wheel Drive
Mercedes‑Benz introduced the 4Matic system on the e28 platform, providing improved traction and stability in adverse weather conditions. The system employed a torque‑distribution center differential that could automatically shift torque between the front and rear axles, enhancing handling dynamics during cornering and emergency maneuvers.
Braking and Electronics
In its later years, the e28 incorporated an anti‑locking braking system (ABS) that was available as an option and later became standard on many models. Additionally, the vehicle featured electronic stability control (ESC) in certain markets, using a combination of wheel speed sensors and a steering angle sensor to detect and correct loss of traction.
Market Impact
Sales Figures
During its production run, the e28 platform sold over 1.2 million units worldwide. The United States accounted for approximately 25% of total sales, while the European market contributed the largest share. The 300E model alone achieved sales of 400,000 units in North America, reflecting strong demand for mid‑range luxury sedans.
Competition
The e28 faced competition from vehicles such as the BMW 5‑Series, Audi 6‑Series, and Lexus LS. While the e28 was positioned slightly above the BMW 5‑Series in terms of luxury and safety features, it offered comparable performance to the Audi 6‑Series. The platform’s emphasis on reliability and safety helped it maintain a loyal customer base throughout its lifespan.
Modern Relevance
Collectors
Classic car collectors value the e28 for its historical significance and mechanical robustness. Certain rare models, such as the 500E “R” and early 420E with the M111 V‑8, command high prices at auctions. Enthusiasts appreciate the vehicle’s understated elegance and the opportunity to restore it to original factory specifications.
Restoration
The availability of aftermarket parts and the documented engineering of the e28 platform facilitate extensive restoration projects. Restoration often focuses on restoring original paintwork, refurbishing interior materials, and rebuilding powertrains to achieve performance and reliability standards comparable to new vehicles. Many owners undertake long‑term maintenance programs to preserve the vehicle’s mechanical integrity.
Cultural Presence
The e28 chassis appeared in a number of films and television series during the 1990s, often serving as a symbol of affluence and success. Its distinct styling and robust performance made it a popular choice for on‑screen portrayals of executive characters. The model also appeared in several automotive documentary series, highlighting its engineering achievements and market impact.
See Also
- Mercedes‑Benz W124
- Mercedes‑Benz E‑Class
- Mercedes‑Benz M110 Engine
- Mercedes‑Benz 4Matic System
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